preface

Promising beginnings often end in grotesque disappointments . This has been my fate and the fate of millions of my countrymen and the idealists all over the world. 20thcentury began reverbrating with revolutionary slogans of the students and youth in the streets of Beijing under the inspiration of Dr.Sunyatsan.. Its adloscence was marked with the women workers of petrograd without organisation and leadership forcing the all powerful Russian Tsar to abdicate in february 1917 followed by octobr revolution under Lenin and Trotsky.In the twenties at century saw awakening of the mute and hungry millions of India chalanged the mighty British empire under the leadrship of `halfnaked fakir- Mahathma Gandhi.' in the end of thirties the socialists the communists, the idealists and the democrats of europe fought the spanish civil war against fascism. But the century which witnessed these four great revolution came to an unrevolutionary and tragic end. A unicentral world dominated by American dollars and nuclear bomb has ultimately emerged.Areas of darkness are spreading .why these four revolutions did fail. The intellectuals has not applied his mind to this great question. He has taken things for granted. If this book creats in his mind a ripple of doubt and makes him question the tenets of this civilisation I will feel more than rewarded.
P.V. Kurian